Company and Finance News:

Societies Act Now in Force – Transition Checklist
The new Societies Act came into force on November 28, 2016. The new law replaces the Society Act and aims to modernize the rules for the creation and governance of societies in BC. Quickscribe has maintained a "red text" copy of the repealed Society Act for convenience. You can access both of these laws via the Title Search.

From CLEBC Website: http://www.cle.bc.ca/PracticePoints/BUS/16-Checklist-Transition-under-New-Societies-Act.html

This transition checklist from BC's New Societies Act for Legal Support Staff (October 2016) takes you step-by-step through the procedures you need to prepare for the pre-transition and transition period, including by-law changes and filings. This resource is valuable for all lawyers, legal support staff, and directors of societies preparing for the new Societies Act which comes into force November 28, 2016. Click here to view a pdf version of the checklist. Author: Christine Hall, Corporate Services Paralegal and Supervisor, Owen Bird Law Corporation, Vancouver.

Selling your business? Ask Your Advisor about the
Pending New Tax Rules on Goodwill
With the tax treatment of goodwill set to change on Jan. 1, tax advisers are advising small and medium business owner-mangers who are contemplating a sale of their business or need to extract cash from it to consider their options now. "The new tax rules will result in higher taxes on the sale of goodwill and the inability to defer income from the sale of a business using a corporation," says David Rotfleisch of Rotfleisch & Samulovitch P.C., a Toronto tax boutique. The federal government tabled the changes in the Liberals' first budget in March. The plan was to repeal the current regime and treat goodwill under the general capital-cost allowance, or depreciation regime. Steve Suarez, a tax partner with Borden Ladner Gervais LLP in Toronto, says the changes were prompted by the increasingly complex niceties of a separate depreciation regime for eligible capital property. Read the full article in the Financial Post. 

SCC Rules Debtors Impliedly Consented to Disclosure of
Mortgage Discharge Statement
On November 17, 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada (the "SCC") released its decision in Royal Bank of Canada v. Trang, 2016 SCC 50. This case involved the proper interpretation of certain disclosure exceptions in the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, S.C. 2000, c.5 ("PIPEDA"). Writing for a unanimous court, Justice Côté overturned the Ontario Court of Appeal's decision and ordered the Bank of Nova Scotia ("Scotiabank") to disclose the debtors' mortgage discharge statement to the Royal Bank of Canada ("RBC") for two reasons: (1) such disclosure was required to comply with a court order pursuant to s. 7(3) of PIPEDA; and, (2) the debtors had impliedly consented to such disclosure. The SCC held that each of these two reasons would have been enough on their own to allow the appeal.

A Mortgage Discharge Statement is Personal Information under PIPEDA
PIPEDA is a federal privacy statute that generally prohibits organizations from disclosing personal information, such as that within a mortgage discharge statement, without the knowledge and consent of the affected individual. Section 7(3) of PIPEDA provides a list of legislative exclusions to the requirement of knowledge of consent, including where disclosure is required to comply with an order made by a court to compel the production of information.

Read the full article by Mark Fancourt-Smith of Lawson Lundell LLP. 

FICOM News
The Financial Institutions Commission of BC published the following announcements and bulletins in November:

• Insurance
  Letter: Adoption of OSFI Guidelines and Amendments to FICOM Requirements for OSFI Guideline B-2
  more...
• Notice of Hearing
  Mortgage Brokers Act
  more...
• Industry Update
  Mortgage Broker Conflict Of Interest Disclosure In B.C.
  more...

Visit the FICOM website for more information.

BC Securities – Policies & Instruments
The following policies and instruments were published on the BCSC website in the month of November:

• 31-347 – CSA Staff Notice 31-347 – Guidance for Portfolio Managers for Service Agreements with IIROC Dealer Members 
  This notice provides guidance to registered portfolio managers that enter into service arrangements with dealer members of the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC). This notice should assist portfolio managers in meeting their obligations on client statement delivery.
• 91-305 – CSA Multilateral Staff Notice 91-305 (Revised) – Frequently Asked Questions relating to Multilateral Instrument 91-101 Derivatives: Product Determination and Multilateral Instrument 96-101 Trade Repositories and Derivatives Data Reporting
  The CSA is publishing this staff notice to provide market participants with guidance, in the form of "frequently asked questions", on matters relating to derivatives trade reporting.

For more information visit the BC Securities website.

Energy and Mines News:

Three Legal Pitfalls for Trans Mountain to
Avoid the Fate of Northern Gateway
Kinder Morgan's Trans Mountain pipeline may have gotten the nod from Ottawa. But proponents would be wise to draw some legal lessons from the dismissal of Enbridge's proposed Northern Gateway Project. In May 2016, the National Energy Board reported seven court challenges to the Trans Mountain project from environmental groups, municipalities and indigenous communities. The Trans Mountain project may affect different communities and landscapes than Northern Gateway but it is hardly immune to threats that ultimately killed the Enbridge proposal. For starters, the Northern Gateway project was halted due to an improper use of an equivalency agreement between the Government of British Columbia and the National Energy Board. In its decision, the BC Supreme Court held that while the province could rely on a federal environmental assessment, it still had to issue its' own Environmental Assessment Certificate. As Roy Millen, Sandy Carpenter and Peter Hogg pointed out at the time, the court effectively was telling the B.C. government that it could impose its own conditions: Read the full article by Supriya Tandan and published in the CBA National. 

Energy Battle Heating up: FortisBC Complains as [Vancouver] Phases out Fossil Fuels
FortisBC is protesting green building plans that would reduce energy consumption in
Vancouver and cut into its customer base, say city staff
The municipality is trying to phase out the use of fossil-fuel-derived natural gas (and other non-renewable fuels) in the city by 2050 and bring in more biomethane, a renewable natural gas captured from agricultural waste, landfills, waste-water-treatment plants and other sources. To help hit that target, the city had brought in rules for new construction that would require — by 2030 — new buildings to be heated by zero-emission sources, such as district energy, electricity or renewable natural gas. All homes would still be able to use gas ranges and other appliances using natural gas in either form until 2050. Although FortisBC will still be free to deliver product to customers in the city, proven technology is not yet in use to produce enough biomethane in BC to heat the city, and the utility would stand to lose a massive amount of its market share to electrical and district energy utilities as a result of the city's policies. Read The Vancouver Sun article. 

Legal Challenges Will Not Prevent Kinder Morgan from
Moving ahead, Experts Say
Court challenges by First Nations of Kinder Morgan's $6.8-billion Trans Mountain pipeline could slow the expansion down but are not likely to scuttle the project, say legal experts. There are already seven challenges of the National Energy Board (NEB) approval of the project at the Federal Court of Appeal – four from First Nations. More are expected now that Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's government has given its approval Tuesday, [November 29^th]. First Nations' challenges are considered to hold more heft than those from Burnaby, Vancouver and environmental groups because aboriginal rights are entrenched in Canada's constitution and mounting court cases have increased Canada's need to consult and accommodate First Nations. "It could slow things down – that's really the extent of it," said University of BC law professor Gordon Christie of the First Nation legal challenges. "The kinds of arguments they are making, they don't have, at this point, what counts as a veto," he said. And even if the courts were to rule in First Nations' favour that they were not adequately consulted, it does not mean the government and company could not pay a penalty later with compensation for First Nations, said Christie. There are First Nation court challenges of BC Hydro's $8.3-billion Site C project, and that project continues to move forward, noted Christie. Robin Junger, a lawyer and co-chair of McMillian LLP's aboriginal and environmental practice in Vancouver, said litigation does not suspend the decision on Kinder Morgan's pipeline project, from the NEB or the federal government. Read The Vancouver Sun article. 

Family and Children News:

Former New Brunswick Youth Advocate,
Politician, Picked as BC's New Child Rep
A former New Brunswick politician and the province's first child advocate is British Columbia's acting representative for children and youth and is slated to assume to post full-time by early next year. Bernard Richard, 65, was recommended [November 15^th] to take over the job by an all-party government committee searching to replace Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond who held the position for a decade. Richard will serve as acting representative, effective Nov. 27, until his appointment can become official with a majority vote in the BC legislature. The legislature is not scheduled to resume sitting until early February. Richard was elected to the New Brunswick legislature as a Liberal from 1991 to 2003, where he held several cabinet posts, including education and aboriginal affairs. He served as the provincial ombudsman and the child and youth advocate after retiring from elected office. BC selection committee chairman Don McRae said Richard's record of serving children and youth, managing public organizations and working with indigenous communities qualifies him for the position. "What it came down to was passion to do the job, ability to do the job and a proven track record that you've done similar work in the past," said McRae, a Liberal member of the legislature representing Comox Valley. Read the Canadian Press story by Dirk Meissner, published on FindLaw Canada. 

Feds Promise Legislative Changes to Address
Canada's Deadly Opioid Crisis
Health Minister Jane Philpott is vowing to leave no stone unturned as the federal government eyes a number of legislative changes to address an opioid crisis that has resulted in hundreds of deaths in Canada this year alone. The federal government is trying to turn the tide of the emergency, Philpott said at the conclusion of an Ottawa summit on the issue, noting it will require partnership with her cabinet colleagues in public safety, justice and foreign affairs. "In the coming months, there are a number of pieces of legislation that are going to address matters related to the opioid crisis and certainly we will do the work necessary," she said. Health experts and ministers gathered for a two-day event to examine a national approach to addiction, overdose and deaths related to opioid use. Canadians with mental illness and addictions should not be treated differently than cancer or cardiac patients, said Ontario Health Minister Eric Hoskins. "It was a beginning of our collaboration and co-ordination, it will not be the end," he said. Read The Vancouver Sun article. 

Seeking Feedback on Regulation for
Health-care Assistants
The Province is seeking feedback on a proposed new approach to regulate health-care assistants, which would see a new registry model established under a newly formed single provincial nursing college. Health-care assistants are front-line workers who provide basic nursing care such as personal hygiene, dressing, feeding and medication assistance to seniors and other adults in a variety of settings including residential care, assisted living and the client's home. There are almost 33,000 health-care assistants registered in the BC Care Aide and Community Health Worker Registry. Currently, all health-care assistants who work for publicly funded employers are required to register, and some private employers have opted to participate voluntarily. While the existing registry has significantly improved the regulation of health-care assistants since it was established in 2010, concerns about the limited ability of the current registry model to provide oversight of health-care assistants have been expressed by the BC ombudsperson, the BC seniors advocate and through an external review initiated by the Ministry of Health. After consulting with professionals in the field, the proposed new approach for regulating health-care assistants is intended to address these concerns and enhance patient safety. Read Government news release. 

"Universality" Sort of – No One Else
Does Medicare this Way
Opinion – Ian Mulgrew
Another expert testifying at the groundbreaking B.C. Supreme Court Medicare trial made it sound as if there is little hope of an honest public policy debate about health care reform. Professor emeritus at the University of Western Ontario and a C.D. Howe Institute expert in health economics, Åke Blomqvist portrayed the national discussion as befuddled by Orwellian doublespeak and bedevilled by vested interests. He claims leading developed countries in recent years have reformed their health care systems for the 21^st century, while Canada remains mired in a rhetorical showdown. "Deep but narrow," is how Blomqvist described "universality" in Canada testifying at the constitutional challenge to B.C.'s Medicare Protection Act. In other words, if you're talking about financing hospitals and physician services, Blomqvist explained, Canada has nearly 90 per cent coverage, it's deep. But if you are talking actual "health care," which involves drugs, dental, vision, mental wellness, long-term care, etc., we are laggards – we cover too narrow a range of services. Read the full Vancouver Sun opinion piece by Ian Mulgrew. 

Immediate Relief: Application for Certification of
BC Cold-Fx Class Action Dismissed
The British Columbia Supreme Court recently dismissed an application for certification of a class action regarding the cold and flu product Cold-Fx in Harrison v. Afexa Life Sciences Inc. (Harrison). The plaintiff alleged that Cold-Fx was falsely marketed as providing "immediate relief" from cold and flu symptoms. Justice Dillon dismissed the application, finding, among other things, that there was no objectively identifiable class, no evidence of two or more persons who had common complaints that they sought to have resolved in a class action, no rational relationship between the proposed class and the proposed common issues, and no appropriate representative plaintiff. Notably, Justice Dillon concluded that Mr. Harrison was merely a placeholder for his counsel, and not a genuine representative for the class, as he had been recruited by counsel and there was no evidence that he had participated in the litigation other than providing a brief affidavit four years prior to the certification application. Read the full article by Joshua Hutchinson and Robin Reinertson with Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP.

Local Government News:

No "Grandfathering" Out of Requirement for Development Permit
In a recent decision, the BC Supreme Court confirmed that on-going development projects commenced before the enactment of an Official Community Plan are not exempt from the requirements of that OCP, nor will they be protected by the "legal non-conforming" provisions of the Local Government Act. The case of Columbia Shuswap (Regional District) v Darnell, 2016 BCSC 1674 ("Darnell") concerns the developer of a lakefront property. In 2005, the developer undertook a project to restore a field on the property, which entailed placing large amounts of fill within 30 meters of the lake. In 2014, the Regional District adopted an official community plan bylaw (the "OCP"), which, amongst other things, created a riparian development permit area. Under the OCP, any work involving the disruption or disturbance of soil and vegetation within 30 meters of a watercourse requires a development permit. The property fell within the OCP's riparian development permit area. Shortly before the OCP was adopted, the developer met with Regional District staff, and was (allegedly) informed that she would not be required to obtain development permits for her on-going project (although at trial staff denied telling the developer she did not need a development permit). A few months later, the developer dumped 20 loads of fill within 30 meters of the lake without obtaining a development permit. The Regional District then informed her that she needed to obtain a development permit, which she refused to do. This led the Regional District to seek a declaration that the developer was in breach of the OCP, an injunction requiring the developer to obtain a development permit in accordance with the OCP, and an order that if the developer failed to do so, the Regional District could enter the property and remove the fill at the developer's expense. Read the full article by Madelaine Campbell of Stewart McDannold Stuart. 

UBCM Analysis of Emergency Program Act (EPA) Review Feedback
UBCM has completed an analysis of feedback provided by local government in response to the provincial discussion paper on the legislative framework for emergency management in BC. The discussion paper is part of the Province's first full scale review of the Emergency Program Act (EPA) since its inception in 1993. A letter from UBCM President Murry Krause to Minister of State for Emergency Preparedness Naomi Yamamoto briefly outlined the UBCM submission, and requested the Minister review the issues and concerns raised by the 49 local authority respondents. UBCM also made three broad recommendations, based on local authority input, for consideration by Emergency Management BC (EMBC) as the process to amend the Emergency Program Act continues:

• The need for further consultation in the process to renew Act (including an ability to see draft legislation);
• Local authority difficulty in assuming greater responsibility, in some cases even if corresponding funding were to be provided; and
• A desire to maintain the current level of local government authority (legislative or otherwise), and caution regarding proposals that infringe on that authority.

Read the UBCM article.

Amendments to Contaminated Sites Regulation
The Ministry of Environment will be delivering a series of webinars in November and December to outline the changes and implications of the recently approved Omnibus amendments to the Contaminated Sites Regulation. For more information on the dates and registration, please refer to the following article published on the UBCM website: http://www.ubcm.ca/EN/meta/news/news-archive/2016-archive/amendments-to-contaminated-sites-regulation.html

Verification of True Copies under Part 10.1 of the Land Title Act
As announced on October 3, 2016, the Land Title and Survey Authority of British Columbia (LTSA) is implementing the Quality Verification program with lawyers and notaries to ensure electronic filing subscriber compliance with Part 10.1 of the Land Title Act. Compliance with the Act is critical to maintaining the integrity of BC's land title system. The Director of Land Titles published Practice Note 02-16 Truing Up an Original Electronic Instrument to clarify truing up principles. These principles provide guidance concerning the interpretation of Part 10.1 of the Land Title Act, specifically around true copies of electronic land title forms. The Registrar of Land Titles will now begin verifying subscribers' pending electronic land title submissions for compliance with Part 10.1. Under the authority of s. 168.51 of the Land Title Act, the Registrar can, while an application is pending, verify whether subscribers who electronically signed submitted forms had in their possession a true copy, a copy of a true copy or, where applicable, the original of the supporting document. Read the full article published on the BC Land Title & Survey website. 

Miscellaneous News:

Is Third-party Litigation Funding
Coming to a Court near You?
Big corporations may soon be looking at third-party litigation funding as a means to go after commercial matters they thought would be too costly to fight. In September, Bentham IMF hosted a panel of litigators, legal experts and academics from Canada, Australia and the U.S. in Toronto to discuss the Canadian perspective on litigation funding. The discussion focused on how litigation funding might serve the legal market in Canada and on the legal and ethical questions that arise in funding transactions. "The funders are certainly in our marketplace looking for cases," says Lincoln Caylor, commercial litigation and fraud lawyer with Bennett Jones LLP in Toronto who was part of the Bentham roundtable in September. "Firms that . . . don't realize that if you're acting for potential defendants and/or if you have potential plaintiffs [with] this in the market and it's not going away." Bentham IMF released a white paper today on the findings of the roundtable. "Our market research indicates that Canada is likely to embrace litigation funding, just as we have seen in other sophisticated legal markets throughout the world. It's very exciting to be at the forefront of building this industry in Canada," says Tania Sulan, chief investment officer with Bentham in Toronto. Read the full article by Jennifer Brown and published on the blog Legal Feeds. 

BC Man Signs First-of-its-kind Canadian Cryonic Contract
Province says laws only prevent sales of cryogenic
services with "expectation" of being resuscitated
A BC man who is challenging provincial laws surrounding the preservation of the body after death has signed a groundbreaking cryonic contract. The four-page deal between Keegan Macintosh and the Lifespan Society of BC is believed to be the first time a Canadian has signed with a local provider to keep their body in a state of permanent suspension. The contract is the latest twist in an unusual BC Supreme Court showdown over the province's Cremation, Interment and Funeral Services Act. Macintosh's claim says the province is the only place in the world to outlaw cryonics. In its legal response, the province has said the only cryonics vendors barred by the legislation are those who imply that customers may "expect" to be brought back to life in the future. Read the CBC article. 

We Should Know if BC Gets Uber before Provincial Election, Says Minister
Nearly 81% of provincial Liberal delegates voted to support ride-sharing
legislation at weekend convention
It may only be a matter of months before British Columbians know whether ride-sharing services such as Uber and Lyft will be allowed in the province. Minister of Community, Sport and Cultural Development Peter Fassbender told host Gloria Macarenko on CBC's The Early Edition the province's extensive consultation on ride-sharing shows support for the services. "Consumers have told us clearly they want more choice, they want more flexibility," he said. "They feel like at times they are underserved and so we feel like it's important that we look at what that might mean for them." Nearly 81 per cent of delegates at this weekend's B.C. Liberal convention supported the creation of ride-sharing legislation. This pro-ride share stance is in opposition to Vancouver's position at the moment. Read the CBC article. 

Government Getting out of the Business of
Insuring High-end Luxury Cars
Government is moving forward to no longer insure the high-end luxury car rate class (cars worth $150,000 and over) so that the broader ratepayer is not subsidizing these cars. The owners of these cars will have to go to private insurance instead, Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure Todd Stone announced today. The high-end luxury car market is a growing market, with 3,000 cars insured this past year, a 30% increase compared to three years ago. Government is acting now to address the rising costs to repair these cars and to eliminate any pressures they cause on basic rates. The government will get to work on the necessary legislative changes to have ICBC no longer insure these high-end luxury cars. Read the Government news release.

CVSE Bulletins & Notices
A number of important bulletins and notices have been posted by CVSE in November. These include:

• Circular 10-16 Notice of Introduction of Pilot Car Load Movement Guidelines
• CVSE1049 Extraordinary Load Approval Request

For more information on these and other items, visit the CVSE website.

Strata Owners Attempt to Characterize
Fines as Strata Fees Unsuccessful
The Owners, Strata Plan BCS3648 v Podwinski, 2016 BCSC 2253, a short oral judgment made in August, tackles an interesting issue. Section 116 of the Strata Property Act allows a strata corporation to "register a lien against an owner's strata lot … if the owner fails to pay the strata corporation any of the following with respect to that strata lot:

• strata fees;
• a special levy;
• a reimbursement of the cost of work referred to in section 85;
• the strata lot's share of a judgment against the strata corporation."

Conspicuous by its absence from this list is a fine applied to an owner for a bylaw or rule contravention. Sometimes an owner will take issue with a fine and refuse to pay it. This owner may continue to pay strata fees as they come due. Can the strata corporation accept such a payment, apply it first to the amount owing for the fine, claim that the resulting shortfall means the owner is now in default of paying strata fees, and thereby obtain the security afforded by the statutory lien? This is the situation that presented itself to the court in Podwinski. The case concerned "a multi-family, apartment-style condominium complex located in Surrey." The respondent was a strata-lot owner. The petitioner was the strata corporation. Read the full BCLI article. 

Metro in debt: Non-bank or "Private" Lenders Feed
(or Rescue) Debt-addicted Homebuyers
By the time desperate borrowers – and they are always desperate – find Allan Sadler, they have already been turned down by banks and credit unions. Mortgage brokers like North Vancouver-based Sadler deal in the private lending market, sometimes called the shadow lending market, and specialize in arranging loans for borrowers with very poor credit history and little proof of income. Usually the lenders make loans to home buyers or other residential or commercial borrowers for a short period of time, such as 12 to 18 months, and at higher rates, which range from five to 15 per cent, depending on the level of risk (weighing such factors as whether it is a first, second or third mortgage and how much of the house has already been paid off). Recently, Sadler's clients, a 53-year-old woman and her 55-year-old husband, were facing the foreclosure of the Tsawwassen home they share with their 16-year-old son. They had bought, renovated and sold a few homes through their own small renovation company. They had also borrowed and lost "almost $2 million" when a 19-unit town home project they were developing in Langley "didn't sell for as much as we thought it would," said the woman, who agreed to speak to Postmedia News, but didn't want her name published. Read The Vancouver Sun article. 

Wills and Estates News:

Counting the Days: How to Calculate the Five-Day Survival Period
in Section 10 of the Wills, Estates and Succession Act
Section 10 of the Wills, Estates and Succession Act provides for a 5-day survival before a person may inherit from another. For example, if in your will you leave your estate to your spouse, then she must survive you for a period of at least five days (although you may specify a longer survival period in your will). Similarly, if you and your spouse hold your residence as joint tenants, then for either of you to acquire the whole of the property by right-of-survivorship, the survivor must outlive the other by at least five days. Otherwise, in the case of a joint tenancy, if both joint tenants die within five days of each other, then one-half interest passes through the estate of each co-owner. Section 10 (1) and (2) read as follows: Read the full article by Stan Rule, of Sabey Rule LLP and published on his blog Rule of Law. 

Inheritances Used to Purchase Property Placed in
Joint Tenancy – November 2016 Update
On November 17, 2016 the BCSC decision in Lahdekorpi v. Lahdekorpi, 2016 BCSC 2143, was released, which gives us yet another little nugget on division of excluded property, in particular when inheritance funds are used to purchase property placed in joint tenancy with a spouse. At trial, the husband had conceded that the wife's $30,000 inheritance was excluded property. Mid-way through the trial, and after the Court of Appeal decision in V.J.F. v. S.K.W., 2016 BCCA 186 was released, the husband changed his position and argued that the wife was not entitled to keep her inheritance because the money had been used to purchase the family home, therefore he argued that she lost her claim to exclusion by putting the property in joint tenancy, which gave him right of survivorship. Mr. Justice Harris in Ladhekorpi distinguished the V.J.F. case and found that the wife's $30,000 inheritance was still considered excluded property, saying, at paragraph 94: Read the full article by Karen F. Redmond published on JP Boyd on Family Law: the Blog, by Collaborative Divorce Vancouver. 

Committeeship and the Patients Property Act
Re Haston 2016 BCSC 1962 is a good review of the law relating to the appointment of a committee under the Patients Property Act, as well as the criteria for choosing the best party to be the committee. Once appointed the committeeship voids any Powers of Attorney or Representation agreements that existed prior to the court order for committeeship.

21 The applicable statutory provisions for the judicial determination of whether a person is incapable of managing herself or her affairs are found in s. 3 of the Patients Property Act

Hearing of application

3	(1)	If, on
		(a)	hearing an application, and
		(b)	reading the affidavits of 2 medical practitioners setting out their opinion that the person who is the subject of the application is, because of
			(i)	mental infirmity arising from disease, age or otherwise, or
			(ii)	disorder or disability of mind arising from the use of drugs, incapable of managing his or her affairs or incapable of managing himself or herself, or incapable of managing himself or herself or his or her affairs, incapable of managing his or her affairs or incapable of managing himself or herself, or incapable of managing himself or herself or his or her affairs, it must, by order, declare the person …

Read the full article by Trevor Todd, Disinherited Estate Disputes And Contested Wills.